این نوشتار به معرفی بخشی از ادبیات دینی هندویی معروف به ادبیات پورانهای میپردازد که خود حجم قابل توجهی از متون دینی هندو را تشکیل میدهد. ادبیات پورانهای در یک تقسیمبندی شامل دو بخش اصلی است که هر کدام پورانههای مختلفی را در بر میگیرد: 1. مهاپورانهها یا پورانههای بزرگ؛ 2. اوپه پورانهها یا پورانههای کوچک. واژه «پورانه» به معنی «کهن» و «باستان» است و ادعای فرقههای هندویی بر این است که این متون شأنی همسنگ وداهای چهارگانه داشته و به مثابه ودای پنجم مطرحاند. این متون که عمدتاً حاصل ادبیات شفاهی و مربوط به طبقة شتریهها (کشتریا=جنگاوران) بودهاند، انعکاسی از تاریخ، فرهنگ و دین عامه هندو بوده و برای شناخت آنها حائز اهمیتاند و با توجه به شواهدی که در آنها وجود دارد از سوی محققان جزو ادبیات کلاسیک دانسته شدهاند. مهمترین بخش ادبیات پورانهای مهاپورانهها هستند که به سه دسته شش تایی تقسیم شده و هر گروه متعلق به یکی از سه فرقه اصلی هندو است.
Study of Purānic literature in Hindu’s popular culture and religion
نویسندگان [English]
M Sh؛ A M
چکیده [English]
This article aims to introduce a part of Hindu literature that constitute a considerable volume of Hindu sacred texts. Purānic literature is a division which includes two principal parts, each of them embraces several Purānas: Purānic literature can be divided into two main branches which each contains different purānas: 1. Mahāpurāna or Great Purānas, 2. Upapurānas or Secondary Purānas. Purāna literally means “old” “ancient”, and Hindu sects refer to purāna as the "fifth Veda" and give them a position equal with the fourfold Vedas. These texts which were derived from the oral literature and belonged to Kṣatriya caste(warriors), reflected Hinduʼs history, popular culture and religion.Considering Puranic literature structure some scholars suggest that they should be considered as classic literature. Of the many texts designated “Puranas” the most important are the Mahāpurāṇas or the major Purānas. These are said to be eighteen in number, divided into three groups of six, and each group belongs to one of the three major sects of Hinduism.
کلیدواژه ها [English]
puranic litrature, Hindu religion, Mahapurana, Upapurana
4- Bailey, Greg, 2010, “Puranas”, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, ed by: Denise Cush and et al., Routledge, p.634-642.
5- Bhattacharyya, Narendra Nath, 1996, Indian Religious Historiography, New Delhi, Munshiram Monohalal Publishers, V.1.
6- Coburn, Thomas B., 1980, “The Study of The Purānas and The Study of Religion”, Religious Studies, V.16, Issue 3, p. 341-352.
7- Conio,Caterina, 1987, “Puranas”, Encyclopedia of Religion, ed by: MircaEliade, New York, Macmillan, V.12, p. 86-89.
8- Cort, John E., 1993, “An Overview of the Jaina Puranas”, Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, ed by: Doniger, Wendy, New York, State University of New York Press, p. 185- 206.
9- Dange, Sadashiv Ambadas, 1986, Encyclopaedia of Puranic Beliefs and Practices, New Delhi, Navarang,V. 4.
10- Dasgupta, Surendranath, 1952, A History of Indian Philosophy, London, Cambridge University Press, V.3.
11- Imani, Muhammad Rasoul, 2010, " An Investigation of the Most Important Components of Hindu WorldView of Purana Texts", Ma'rifat-i Adyān, Vol.1. No.4, pp. 165-187.
12- Jones, Constance A., James D. Rayan, 2007, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, New York, Facts On File.
13- Kloetzli, W. Randolph, 2010, “Ptolemy and Purana: Gods Born as Men”, Indian Philos, Num. 38, p. 583-623.
14- Klostermaier, Klaus K.,1998, Hinduism: A Short History, Oxford, One World Oxford.
15- Lipner, Julius, 2005, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London and New York, Routledge.
17- Matchett, Freda, 2003, “The Puranas”, The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, ed by: Gavin Flood, Hoboken, New Jersey,Blackwell Publishing, p. 129-143.
18- Pargiter, F.E, 1919, “Puranas”, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed by: James Hastings, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, V. 10, p. 447-455.
19- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 1952, History of Philosophy Estern and Western, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, V.1.
20- Rapson, E.J, 1922, The Cambridge History of India, ed by: E.J Rapson, London, Cambridge At the University Press, V.1.
21- Rinehart, Robin, 2004, “Introduction: The Historical Background”, Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture and Practice, ed by: Robin Rinehart, California, Abc-clio, p. 1-65.
22- Rocher, Ludo, 1986, A History of Indian Literature: The Puranas, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, V. 2.
23- Rosen, Steven J., 2006, Essential Hinduism, London, Praeger Publishers.
24- Sharfaei, Mohsen, 2016, Puranic Cosmology: Viśnu Purana & Vāyu Purana, In a Comparison With Quranic Cosmology, Ph.D Thesis, Thesis Advisor: Abolfazl Mahmoudi, Tehran, Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch.
ابتدای صفحه