نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• حسن بساک

دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه پیام نور (نویسنده مسئول)

چکیده

نازک‌‌خیالی‌‌ها، مضمون‌‌سازی‌‌ها و تصویر‌‌سازی‌‌های بدیع در غزلیات عبدالقادر بیدل دهلوی خواننده را با نوعی شگفتی، ابهام و پیچیدگیِ بیان روبه‌‌رو می‌کند. وی به‌عنوان نمایندۀ سبک هندی، در ایجاد تصاویر پیچیدۀ بدیع و درهم‌‌تنیده و مبهم، مهارت بسیاری دارد. بیشتر تصاویر اشعار او، بازتاب یک صحنه و موقعیت است؛ به‌‌گونه‌ای حسّی و ملموس یا ذهنی و معقول که با بهره‌‌گیری خاص شاعر از کلمات شکل می‌گیرند. چگونگی تصویرسازی و نحوۀ انعکاس تصاویر در شعر بیدل دهلوی، پرسش اصلی این پژوهش است. این مقاله که به روش توصیفی و تحلیل محتوا به انجام رسیده‌است، نشان می‌‌دهد سه شیوۀ متفاوت در کاربرد تصاویر شعری بیدل به لحاظ الگوبرداری از استادان برجستۀ پیشین و همچنین ابهام و ازدحام تصاویر، به چشم می‌‌خورد: الف) تصاویر سعدی و حافظ‌‌گونه؛ تصاویر ساده و خوش‌‌ساختی که در خدمت تجسّم‌بخشیدن به مفهوم و تداعی معنی شکل می‌گیرند. ب) تصاویر نظامی و خاقانی‌‌وار؛ که در این‌‌گونه اشعار، علاوه بر تصویر مرکزی و اصلی که بار معنایی بیت را به دوش می‌کشد، شاعر چند تصویر پیچیده و درهم‌‌تنیده را نیز برای ابهام هنری در شعر خلق می‌کند. ج) تصاویر خاص بیدل؛ تصاویر بسیار پیچیده و لایه‌‌لایه که گاه شعر را تا مرز بی‌معنی‌بودن می‌کشاند. این‌گونه تصاویر که به‌‌عنوان هویّت شعری بیدل محسوب می‌‌شوند، معمولاً کاربرد کمتری در غزلیات وی دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بیدل دهلوی
• سبک هندی
• غزلیات
• تصویرسازی
• نازک خیالی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Innovative illustration in Biddle Dehlavi 's lyrics poems

نویسنده [English]

• Hassan Bassak

Associate Professor of Persian language & Literature, Payame Noor University

چکیده [English]

 
Extended Abstract
Delicate imageries, content creations and innovative illustrations in Abdol Ghader Biddle Dehlavi's sonnets, make the readers face with a kind of surprise, ambiguity and complexity of expression. He is skilled and fully-representative of Indian style in creating complex novel images, interwoven and, ambiguous at the same time. Most of images in his poems reflect a scene or situation. In a way, sensually and tangibly or mentally and sensibly, which is formed by the poet 's special use of words and expressions. How to illustrate and how to reflect images in Biddle dehlavi 's poetry is the main question of this research paper. This article which is done by descriptive method and content analysis, shows three various ways of using Biddle 's poetry images in terms of imitating former eminent masters and ambiguity and culture of images can be seen:
A: Images of Saadi and Hafez ' poems; simple and well-crafted images that are formed in the service of embodying the concept and envoking meaning.
B: Images of Nezami and Khaghani 's poems; in such poems, in addition to the central and main images; it sometimes carries the meaning of the verse, the poet also creates several complex and intertwined images for artistic ambiguity in poetry.
C: Biddle 's special 's images; complex and layered images that sometimes push poetry to the point of meaninglessness, such images, which are considered to be Biddle 's poetic identity, are usually less used in his lyric poems.


Introduction

 Mirza Abdul Qader, son of Mirza Abdul Khaliq Azimabadi, an Indian man known as Biddle, is the greatest Persian poet of the twelfth century A H. who is famous for his themes and fantasies, and his poems are known for their complexity and contemplation.
Persian language is related to simplicity and piety rather than difficult to say and definition, living on the subcontinent and getting acquainted whit the culture
 and thought of Hindu teachings and the tendency to mysticism and spirituality in this style of eloquence and creating ambiguity in speech has not been ineffective. Persian poetry has not only conquered the Iranian spirit throughout its thousand-year history, and it has been the greatest form of expression and worldview, but also conquered vast lands on the Asian continent among other tribes, this vast land of the Persian poetry empire ranged from central Asia to Asia minor, Balkan and the entire Indian sub contienent to parts of Java and China. This spiritual empire has always been the greatest burden of the national and military empire of Iran, and the depth of its influence and long story is such that, combination of Persian's poetic language and meandrous Indian mentality a special style of poetry emerged which is called the Indian style. undoubtedly, what has given the Persian language a great influence on the Asian continent, has been delicate language and a source of Persian 's poetry. (Ashouri, 1380, P.184-185). In the age of Biddle 's life, in addition to the transformation of social status of poets, and departure of the poem from the circle of the court and monastery, caused the elements of this new environment should be reflected in Persian poetry. By the way, this type of poetry was popular. In that time, in Indian, Persian was considered a scientific and progressive language, and is the reason for honor, grace and dignity, even in the court of Isfahan, it never found this importance (Bahar, 1370, P.257).
In so far as, she found many fans and even influenced the poems of the poets of that land. ((today the people of that system like delicated poems very much)). Even the lyrics of the camp has been influenced by the Indian style, especially the works of Biddle Dehlavi have been created. (Shamsia, 1396, P.69)
Imagination is the main element of Indian or Isfahani style poetry and thin fantasies and novel illustrations, is especial feature that Abdul Qadir Dehlavi 's poems have. By the way, Indian style culminated in poems by Biddle 's intellectual effervescence. Introverted poems that barely freed themselves from constraints of the stylistic style to which Biddle had adhered. It inherited Biddle 's style and used it at the beginning of his poetry in Persian, but after this release its influence. (Ahmad, 1367, P.112) in the imaginary region, the influence of poets such as Khaghani, Hafez, Baba Feghani, on the emergence of the Indian style can not be denied, and the creation of the Indian style can not be delayed until the time of these poets and attributed to one of them.
In the Timurid 's age, boring imitations and repetitions in poetic themes and images led to lyric poems to the degenerate. The tenth century was the school of the transition from vulgarity to imitation and repetition,
 and in all these poetic periods and different styles, imagination alongside language, emotion and theme had a special application until the continuation of the school, with the advent of the Indian style, imagination become the main elements of poetry. So that, over shadowed all the other elements. (Parsapour, 1385, P.20).
Most Persian poetry stylists refer to Saeb as the inventor of Indian style, and considered Biddle as the most complete and excellent poetic figure in the Indian style.

Research methodology

The author in this research, that was done in a descriptive and content analysis way, first made a critical introduction to the Indian and Biddle 's style, specially to commentators of Biddle 's poems. Then showed the methods of illustration based on the theological structure of Biddle Dehlavi 's poetry, next expressed in
novative and light hearted poetic images by confirming the conflict and complexity of images and dealt with the quality of image formation, as well as the ambiguity and clutter of poetic images in Biddle 's sonnets.

Discussion

Imaging methods are based on the verbal structure of the poem as well as the contrast of imaginary forms, and the complexity of the image and the detailed description in Biddle 's poetry is what it reveals the influences of previous poets on creating ambiguity and clutter in his poetry. Biddle 's illustration, like his other features, is unique and different to other poets, even Indian style poets. Usually the second hemistich of Biddle 's sonnets forms the semantic key of the verse and understanding the first hemistich depends on it. also, allegory, discernment and abstract recognition such as;
Paradoxical images include the largest volume of Biddle 's imaginative images, Sensational Combination of sensuality and paradox, that has caused ambiguity in his poetry,
Because everyone has their own experiences in their own lives, his imaginary images also have specific characteristics, styles and contexts that will be unique. Biddle has created glorious images with innovation and a new look at the universe and its surroundings, that many of these combinations are not very familiar to the audience. There is a lot of ambiguity and contempt in his poems. for more information:( shafiee kadkani, 1366, p.40-70). Reflecting on Biddle 's poems, almost everything is the result of direct experience of the human senses can be seen in his poetry, in this sense, there are a variety of images such as colors, smells, tastes, ….and different cases of objects as well as non-sensory and sensible images with mystical color and smell can be found in abundance in his poetry, which it is not possible to decipher them except by entering the mysterious world of Biddle 's thoughts and poems. Biddle 's poetic images are divided into two parts based on their structure and formation.
3-1. fantastic images based on turning the subject into a theme;
In Indian-style poetry, thematicization is considered more important than addressing the issue. For this purpose, the poet is one of the imaginary elements, objects and phenomena that become the subject of the poet's imagination are used in the construction of new and novel themes.
Image: tears are like children riding on lashes and falling of their eyes, and eyelashes are like straws that children use as their horses when they are playing.

simile: --------- 1) tears to children/2) tears to straw rider
simile: ----------1) eyelashes to straw/2) eyelashes to house, (Metaphor for eyes)

3-2. images based on sensible or sensible direct experience;
Images due to direct experience of sensations and sensibilities in Biddle 's poetry is created invarious ways through the lens of imaginary forms, such as: recognition, simile, metaphor, sensuality, discrepancy, etc. the following verses show examples of such images;
Unlike previous style, this image is known as the main element of the poem, and the meaning is in its shadow.
3-3. illustration in difficult poems;
The influence of Indian-style poets of previous poets such as Rumi is also significant. Rumi's illustrations originate from his creative and dynamic mind. in compared to simile images like metaphors with compound images, his images are more in the form of metaphors and simile and the reason for that, is the lack of commitment in creating poetry and composing his poems. metaphor is so common in his poetry, because everything is dynamic and alive in his eyes, and on the other hand, it has made spiritual matters tangible with the help of metaphor.
3-4. illustration in complex poems;
However, Biddle used all forms of imagination such as irony, permissiveness, paradox, sensuality, …. In his poetry, but the structure of the poems is difficult, multi-layered and complex, and it is more metaphorical, as she points out;

conclusion

Biddle is a meaningful poet with a complex style, of course, this complexity and difficulty is the result of his insights into his innovative illustrations. Undoubtedly, these factors have made his speech more attractive. Understanding and receiving such poems, which are done with more effort, will be more enjoyable. Regardless of the very difficult poems, which of course are very far from the mind and unconventional.
Due to the existence of philosophical thoughts as well as some Biddle's poems, his words are firm, his poetry is difficult and twisted, and his thoughts are long and sublime, which can not be easily achived. The presence of certain combinations, as well as the complexity and ambiguity in Biddle's poems, is one of the reasons for the difficulty of his special speech style.
Biddle's poetic images are divided into two parts based on their structure and formation.
1)Fantastic images based on turning the subject into a theme
In Biddle's poetry, more attention is paid to thematization, and the subject is secondary. For this purpose, the poet uses imaginary elements, objects and phenomena that become the subject of the poet's imagination have been used in the construction of new themes and original images.
2)images based on sensible or sensible direct experience
In this section, images that are closer to nature, such as similes or metaphors which are not far from the mind, are more artistic. images that are the result of direct experience formed through imaginary forms.th
Biddle Dehlavi is one of the most prolific Persian language poets, whose vague imaginary images are complicated and vague in the eyes of audience. Also, the quality of Biddle's illustrations in lyric poems in three axes was examined;
1) Illustration in simple poems
2) illustration in difficult poems
3) illustration in complex poems
Although, this type of complex image is less useful than the other two types. The poet himself believes, that this type of poem is very difficult and even difficult to understand and receive the language of his group of
 imaginary images far from the mind and even impossible, but the same poems explain a special style and introduce a special way of speaking and also is important to create imaginary scenes and create original meanings.

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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Biddle Dehlavi
• Indian style
• Lyrics poems
• Illustration
• Imaginary