بررسی و تحلیل مفهوم جهاد در اندیشه میرزا غلام احمد قادیانی

Extended Abstract
one of the important islamic issues is jihad which is among the branches of religion. a peaceful religious movement between islam and christianity was formed, in 1889A.D in the indian state of punjab. founder of the movement, mirza ghulam ahmad qadiany, claimed he was the messiah simultaneously. one of his remarks was to cancel the edict of jihad on muslims. in his view, jihad, which is in islam, means reasonable argument, not jihad. the main question in this research is why ghulam ahmad decided to cancel jihad on muslims? the claim is, in 1803A.D, when abd - al – aziz dehlavi called the indian minister of jihad and issued the edict of jihad against britain, which led to an extensive repercussions in the islamic movement following him, as britain forced the unity and intensity of the operation of muslims to create qadianyyah and support ghulam ahmad qadiany in order to cancel jihad and legitimize its sovereignty over punjab. the research method is descriptive - analytical and library method. the results of this research, relying on the early sources and the works written by ghulam ahmad, is that he was able to prevent many of the uprisings against the british, so that he continued to dominate the british during 100 year (1849-1947) of the british rule.
Keywords: jihad, muslims, qadianyyah, britain, punjab, ghulam ahmad qadiany

Introduction

one of the most important issues of Islam is jihad, which is include one of the subsidiaries of religion. The concept of jihad, was influence by reforming of reformers opinion and their leader’s worldview, in the middle of 19^th century. So, jihad was adapted with these changes. Most of the reformers begin their words by invitation to Islam, and link it to concept of jihad, because in their point of view, making people familiar with Islam and invite them to argument, is the beginning of Islamic jihad and its source of different branches of jihad. One those reformers is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiany, who is founder of the Qadianyyah sect. One of his most important comments was the cancellation of jihad with the sword sentence (military jihad) for Muslims. It should be notice that in 19^th century, we can name this era, the ages of Muslims confusion in India, because they were in minority. But in some states, despite ethnic diversity, including the Sikh and other faiths, the population was predominantly Muslim. Punjabi, that most of its population were Muslims, was not out of this rule. During 19^th century we can study Indian Muslim's leaders’ attitude and view in two periods, before and after the revolt 1857. Before that revolt, military jihad was the main and prevailing strategy of Islamic movements against Britain and also other religious groups such as Sikh and Marata. After that there was disagreement surrounding the discussion of dar-al-harb or dar-al-islam between scholars and thinkers. In this qualification, the Brittan began supporting Qadianyyah, for eradicating of Islamic jihad thought against itself. The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the position of jihad in the thoughts of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiany. According to British military domination over Punjab and cancellation of jihad sentences against Britain at this era of 19^th century, analyzing of the relationship between Britain and Ghulam Ahmed, who introduced himself as a re - century, is one of the most important goals of this research. Therefore, the following research answers two fundamental questions:

which factors were effective on Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiany's thoughts formation?
What was the effect of jihad cancellation by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed Qadiany on Muslims approach than Britain
Research methodology

The following research has been conducted in descriptive - analytical method. The method of gathering information has been library studies. Ahmad Qadiany's interpretation of jihad with using of Quran verses and anecdotes was our research base. And we were trying to analyze his interpretation's effect on Muslims thought in the India.

Discussion

In 1849, Punjab was attached to the British government. (Singh, 2012: 157) After Britain hegemony on Punjab the issue of colonialism was added to the other problems of this area. So, the ways for other social groups uprising opened. Within there Some of the Muslim's cultural and political actors, due to their economic and social base and influence on the society, presented new interpretation of religious beliefs and new ways for interaction with them by changes religious rules and absolute protection from Britain. This method was drawn in to the western thought and not acceptable for most Muslims population and also it had disagreement with religious intellectuals's point of view. One of those characters was Mirza Ghulam Ahmed Qadiany, who was dependent on a wealthy family from Qadian village.

Conclusion

Jihad is a matter that Islam emphasizes it. After resurrection's verses in Quran, jihad has the biggest quota of verses. It confirms Jihad importance in the Islam. The concept of jihad during the history had many changes. One the most important part of these variations was reformers thought evolutions from middle of 19^th century up to the end of the colonialization age. Jihad was impressed by reforming of reformers opinion and their leader's worldview, and it was adapted with these changes. One of the most important concepts of jihad is the concept of invitation which stresses the peaceful invitation and its lack of absolute necessity. One of the most important characters who located his invitation on this type of jihad was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiany, founder of the Qadianyyah sect. Better understanding of Qadianyyah sect thoughts has close relationship with India's changes in 19^th and 20th centuries. In 19^th century India was under domination of Britain, so these ages were internal revolts era in the India's history. Especially after the 1857 revolt and Muslims defeat, Britain sent missionary to the India for promoting Christian religion. the Punjab region (Qadianyyah birthplace) was a favorable place for the emergence of intellectual and disturbances. It was in this era that Mirza Ghulam Ahmed Qadiany wrote his book as Barahin Ahmadyyeh and he presented himself as defender of Islam and then proceeded to express his opinions and thoughts. At this time Britain recognized him as a good nut to achieve Britain's goals, so he approved the policy and plans of Ghulam Ahmad, and helped him to print his works. Reciprocally Ghulam Ahmed, he ordered the cancellation of military jihad against the British. In this regard, according to the verses of the Quran, for example he interpreted the fourth verse of Mohammad's sura in a way that made the British rule legitimate. In this way he relied on words and rhetoric, and he said that jihad had to be done without violence and through rational reasoning because Muslims are under the British government domination now and they should not revolt against Britain. this issue has been discussed in the books of ghulam Ahmad and Qadianyyah writing letters. In the book Tohfe-Gheysarie they avow that he was able to prevent many of the uprising against Britain. Altogether, it should be noted that the cancellation of military jihad was very useful at this period of time so that it was continued up to the India's independence (1947). It should be mentioned that two factors contributed to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in this regard. First one was Punjab's people unfamiliarity to Arabic language and the second one was this ability of Quran that everybody can catch their own opinion and meaning from its verses. (as 77^th letter of Nahj-Albalaghe said)

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