نگاهی جامعه شناختی به نهاد خانواده در جامعه هند و ایران

Abstract
The family is the first, most important and most blessed social institution in the history of human culture and civilization. Considering the importance of the family institution in societies and considering the cultural and social commonalities between Iran and India. The present study examines the Characteristics of the family institution in India and identifies its commonalities and differences in these two countries. The data of this research work were collected by comparative descriptive method using experimental observation technique (according to the study and six-year life of researchers in India) and the use of secondary data (documentary method). Given the multiplicity of religions and cultures and cultural pluralism in India, the data of this study were only related to Hindu families in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. The outcome of this paper showed that there are many similarities and commonalities in the family institution in Iran and India such as the importance of family formation, sexual regulation, monogamy, family orientation, respect for the elderly, tendency to have children, low employment of women, female illiteracy and differences such as low divorce rates, Populism, violence against women and high abortion rates. The result of the present study was that in these two societies, the family is a natural and basic element of society and as one of the three institutions, structuring the social system of the society (family institution, religion institution and government institution) is centralized in organizing human and social life.
 

Introduction

The institution of the family from the beginning of history until now, as the main and most central social institution, has been the foundation of societies and the origin of cultures, civilizations and human history. Human determination to form and maintain family life is a sign of the most important unique features of human social life. The family is the first social institution that human beings are acquainted with at birth and through which they are introduced to others. The same importance and centrality of family life in human social life clearly indicates the need to prioritize the family. The institution of the family has undergone many changes and has brought many achievements to human beings. When we take a look at the statistics and other indicators related to the Indian and Iranian families in the last decade, we will see that the family institution in these two are accepting Western models and the Indian and Iranian families are moving in more or less the same direction as The Western family is on its way. The main concern of researchers was to study and analyze the Indian record of the institution of the family and how far Iranian society is from the Indian model. Examining the structure of the family institution in India and comparing it with the Iranian society at the micro level is instructive for each individual in the society and will be useful for the cultural and social policy makers of the country at the macro level. Therefore, the main questions of the present study are: 1. What are the structural components of the Indian family? 2. What are the commonalities or differences in the institution of the family in Iran and India? The conclusion that was expected from this research is to find the common features of the family institution on the one hand and to show the points of difference on the other hand. In other words, the present study can express some features and characteristics of the family institution in the two countries, a way to better identify the appropriate social and cultural system of India and pave the way for researchers in the field of social issues in this country.
1.1. Research methodology
The research method of this research, according to the nature of the subject, was descriptive-analytical and data collection method was experimental observation technique (according to the study and biology of researchers in India) and the use of secondary data (documentary method such as sources Historical, religious, social and reports of organizations and ministries related to the family institution). Due to the multiplicity of religions and cultural pluralism in India, the data of this study were only related to Hindu families in the southern Indian state of Karnataka.

Discussion

From the sociological point of view, the family as one of the major social, historical, global, real, variable, relative and legal institutions have played a significant role in the social system and structure of countries including Iran and India. The social structure of Indian society can be based on three pillars: the system of shortcomings, the continuous family, and rural life, which despite many changes throughout history, the continuous family is still one of the most important and basic groups and in the lives of many people. India has the highest social power. Some commonalities of the family institution in Iran and India are these points that fertility and childbirth have been accepted as a social value in both Indian and Iranian families and the childless family has been generally questioned in the culture of these two countries.
Familyism is also one of the important components and the family as an emotional base strengthens emotions and social capital within the group, and the family is associated with monogamy and polygamy culture is not common. Some differences are the existence of different dowry or distance customs in India so that the demand for dowry does not stop with the occurrence of marriage and is considered as a source of funding to meet the inexhaustible demands of the husband's family.
Although the divorce rate has been rising in the world in recent years, in Indian society, divorce is mentioned as a factor in the disintegration of unity between men and women, and therefore the number of divorces is not high and is considered a reprehensible thing.

Conclusion

In the society of Iran and India, there are three institutions that structure the social system of the society: the institution of the family, the institution of religion and the institution of the government, which are central to the organization of human and social life. According to the religious texts of the Vedas, epics, Puranas, as well as the religious texts of Buddhism and Jenism, and the hadiths and the Holy Qur'an, marriage is considered a religious duty. Islamic and Hindu scriptures considered marriage to be compulsory and a single man to be rejected by society, which has no social status. Marriage is a performance of a religious ritual that unites men and women, and this bond is inseparable even until death and after. Religious and historical texts of Iran and India show the fact that the family in these two the countries has always been dominated by men. India and to some extent Iran is a patriarchal society and the family is still under the control of the father in these two societies. In the process of modernizing society and the issues that affect it such as urbanization, increasing education, individualism, separation from the workplace, women's employment, the development of mass media, scientific and technical achievements and legal changes have caused fundamental changes in the family, and therefore, the family has changed and a new form of nuclear family has been formed in India, the rate of which is lower than in Iran, although the proportion of this type of family in cities is higher than in villages, but this type of family is very different from the nuclear family in the West because this type of family is related to the kinship network.

Reference

Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Ghatak, M., and J. Lafortune. (2019). Marry for What? Caste and Mate Selection in Modern India. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14958 (May): 135-146.
Biruni A.R. (1984). Research of India. Translated by Manouchehr Sadoughi Saha. Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies and Research.
Bostan, H. (2016). Sociology of Family, Qom: Seminary and University Research Institute.
C.N. Rao. (2020). Sociology of India. Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi. India.
Chandramouli, C. (2011). Census of India, Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Population. Provisional population totals India.
Chtterjee N.K. (2017). Hindu Marriage Past and Present. Visvabharati santiniketan.Taka Publication varabasi. India.
Godine, W. (2014). India. Translated by Fatemeh Shadab. Tehran: Phoenix Publications.
Hassanifar, A., Nazerian, M., Tavassoli, M.M. (2018). Anthropological study of marriage rituals in Iran and India, Bi-Quarterly Journal of Subcontinental Studies, 10(34): 109-128.
ILOs Global Employment Trends 2018 report. Available at: http:/www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/2018.
Jalali Naeini, S.M. (2008). Excerpts from Rig Veda, Tehran: Silver Publications.
Kapadia, K.M. (2016). Marriage and Family in India. Third Edition. Calcutta university press.Calcutta. India.
Latifi, A.H. (2014). Rituals and rules of marriage in Hinduism, Journal of Religions.
Mirsardo, T and Baghi, A. (2015). Changing the pattern of social role of Indian women according to the films of the last three decades, Social Psychological Studies of Women, 13(1): 141-160.
Palangi, M. (2011). Indian society. Women and family issues. Women's message. 63.
Pazeh, O. (2009). A ray from India. Translated by Kaveh MirAbbasi. Tehran: Markaz Publishing.
Ruh al-Amini, Mahmoud. (2008). Fundamentals of Anthropology, Tehran: Attar Publications.
Sarukhani, B. (2010). Introduction to Family Sociology. Tehran. Soroush Publications.
ShendurnikarTere, N. (2021). Gender Reflections in Mainstream Hindi Cinema. Global Media Journal Indian Edition/ISSN 2249-5835.
Srinivas, G., Swastika, C., James, k. (2021). Family Demography in india, Sage open, April, 1-18.
Subramanya, G. (2019). Social Problems. Bangalore. Sapna book house.
Tajbakhsh, G. (2015). An Introduction to the Sociology of Indian Society, Isfahan: Asmangar.
Tajbakhsh, G. (2021). Sociology of Social Issues in India, Boroujerd: Ayatollah Boroujerdi University Press.
Taqwa, N. (2008). Sociology of the family. Tehran: Payame Noor Publications.
Tavakoli, N. (2010). The status and rights of women in Hinduism and the new laws of India. Journal of Social Sciences. The fourth year of the first issue.