بررسی انواع استعاره‌های جهتی در غزلیات صائب تبریزی (جلد 1): رویکردی شناختی

Metaphor has been studied from different literary, linguistic, aesthetic and psychological perspectives, being the subject of various types of research over the centuries. As to cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor theory is one of theories with a new look at metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in the form of orientational, ontological, and structural metaphors. This research aims to describe and analyze how types of orientational conceptual metaphors are represented in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume (1)) adopting Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive analysis. This research is of descriptive-analytic type. Research results show, in his sonnets, the poet has used abstract concepts related to human feelings and beliefs, the ups and downs of time and life, mystical themes, human progress and regression, and all of the individual's daily experiences as target domains. Accordingly, in order to objectify and materialize such concepts, he has employed various orientations, such as down, up, rotation, far, near, outside, inside, middle, corners and sides, facing, surrounding, and back, as source domains. The results also display that most of the orientations can be observed in his sonnets with different frequencies and there is a significant difference between the frequency of using types of orientational metaphors in these sonnets.

Introduction

For the first time, the epistemological and conceptual role of metaphors in the form of a new theory was proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in the book "Metaphors We Live By" in 1980 (Croft and Cruse, 2004: 194). Considering the nature and cognitive function of metaphors, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) presented a threefold division of metaphors including orientational, ontological and structural metaphors. In addition, in the explanation and cognitive analysis of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model, each conceptual metaphor, in turn, includes the source domain, target domain, and mapping. The source domain is considered as a domain from which metaphorical expressions are extracted and mostly refers to entities, phenomena, and material, objective and tangible matters that are experienced and perceived in the physical world with the help of the senses. While the target domain includes abstract and mental concepts and matters that are understood with the help of the source domain. Mapping refers to the epistemological and ontological structural correspondences between the concepts and phenomena of the target and source domains (cf: Croft and Cruse, 2004; Evans and Green, 2006; Kövecses, 2010; Lakoff, 1993).
So far, conceptual metaphors in the poems and sonnets of other poets have been examined from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, for instance, the analysis of conceptual metaphors in Persian lyric poetry of Divan Shahriar (Salamati, 2017), and the representation of conceptual metaphors in “Siyavash” Story of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Khalifehloo and Mojahedi Rezaeian, 2022). Although the metaphors of Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets have been worked on from other aspects and perspectives, except for one case from a cognitive perspective (an examination of the conceptual metaphors of "sorrow" in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets based on a cognitive perspective, (Kazemi Bazardehi, 2017), has not been the subject of any other research. Therefore, the types of orientational conceptual metaphors in volume (1) of this work can be investigated based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Correspondingly, different types of conceptual domains, the source domains, target domains as well as related mappings can be identified, described, analyzed and compared. Also, it is possible to determine the significance level of the difference between the usage of different types of orientational conceptual metaphors in Saeb Tabrizi's (volume 1) sonnets. Accordingly, the research questions are:
1- How are the types of orientational conceptual metaphors represented in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) based on the cognitive analysis of Lakoff and Johnson (1980)?
2- Is there any significant difference between the frequency of using different types of orientational conceptual metaphors in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1)?
According to the research questions, the corresponding hypotheses are:
1- All kinds of orientational conceptual metaphors are represented in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) according to the cognitive analysis of Lakoff and Johnson (1980).
2- There is a significant difference between the frequency of the use of orientational conceptual metaphors in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (Volume 1).
1.1. Research methodology
The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is considered to be the most effective method in literary research. In this research, the types of orientational metaphors of Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) were extracted, classified, described and analyzed based on the types of conceptual domains proposed in the view of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In this connection, the types of source and target domains were studied, identified and what were their mappings. Then, the frequency of the use of each was statistically analyzed by software (Statistical Package for the Social Science/SPSS) to determine the frequency of the types of orientational metaphors observed in this work. Also, the Chi-square test was used to determine the significance level of the difference in the use of these metaphors and related subsets.
 

Discussion

The review and analysis of all the verses in volume (1) of Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets show that the poet has used a large number of orientational conceptual metaphors in his sonnets. A variety of orientational metaphors with a diverse and significant number, with different and wide domains of source and target, and meaningful mappings were abundantly seen in his poems. In this regard, a number of 6309 orientational conceptual metaphors were identified in 9913 verses of Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (Volume 1). These findings indicate that Saeb Tabrizi’s mind and poetic language is very metaphorical and, with his metaphorical language and the power of his words, he arouses the emotions of the audience and conveys his intended concepts to the audience with literary language and thought-provoking metaphors. In this regard, the orientational conceptual metaphor "down" ranks first among the orientational metaphors used in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (Volume 1). The poet has used this metaphor to refer to concepts such as "debasement", "worthlessness", and "inability". In the orientational conceptual metaphor "high", the poet uses this type of metaphor to express conceptual matters that are in a high position, such as "progress", "success", "happiness", "command" and "abundance". The orientational metaphor "rotational" like "Afalak" (i.e. the heavens) is not seen among the orientational metaphors considered by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), but Saeb Tabrizi's use of it is significant, which is the highest among orientational metaphors after the downward and upward orientational metaphors. Since Saeb Tabrizi lived for a long time in "foreignness" in India and far away, and also his sadness for his distance from the "goal of life" which is "God" is great, he frequently uses the orientational metaphor "far" in his sonnets. Similarly, Saeb Tabrizi has used the orientational conceptual metaphors like "near", "inside", "outside", "opposite", "middle and center", "side and corner", "around and surrounding". In addition, the results of this study are in line with the results of other related studies (Afrashi, Hesami, & Salas, 2012; Shakeri, Oveisi Kahkha, & Ahangar, 2023).
Thus, based on the discussed results of the research, the answer to research question (1) is that the types of conceptual metaphors in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) in the vast majority of cases are represented in accordance with the cognitive analysis of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Hence, the research hypothesis (1) is generally confirmed. Furthermore, according to the presented statistical analysis and the existence of a significant difference between the frequency of the use of various orientational conceptual metaphors in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1), the answer to the research question (2) is positive and the research hypothesis (2) is confirmed.
 

Conclusion

By analyzing the verses of Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) to find different types of orientational conceptual metaphors, it was found that most of the orientations can be observed in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets (volume 1) including: down, up, rotation, far, near, outside, inside, middle and center, corners and sides, facing, surrounding and back orientations are present in his sonnets with different frequency and percentages. Also, the results of the chi-square test designated the significance of the difference between the frequency of the use of different types of orientational conceptual metaphors and that the poet uses different types of orientational conceptual metaphors to express (more) objectively (more) abstract, spiritual and esoteric concepts and matters as well as different mystical thoughts, as target domains. Likewise, the remarkable point in Saeb Tabrizi's use of orientational metaphors is that he has used opposite orientational conceptual metaphors in a frequency close to each other.
 

References

Afrashi, A., Hesami, T., & Salas, B. (2012). A Comparative Survey of Orientational Conceptual Metaphors in Spanish and Persian. LRR, 3 (4), 1-23.
Aminpour, Q. (1993). Mirrors suddenly. Tehran: Ofogh Publications.
Aminpour, Q. (1999). The Complete Collection of Qaiser Aminpour's Poems. Tehran: Morvarid Publications.
Bahmani, M. A. (2011). A Collection of Poems. Tehran: Negah Publications.
Behbahani, S. (2010). Lyrics Option, 2nd edition. Tehran: Morvarid Publications.
Croft, W. and Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cruche, B. (1993). General Linguistics. Translated by Rahmani, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Ebtehaj, H. (2008). A Way and a Sigh (Selected of the Seven Poetry Book). Tehran: Sokhan Publications.
Esmail Jami, R. (2015). Conceptual Metaphor in Today's Iranian Sonnets Based on the Works of Six Prominent Sonnets Poets of the 60s, 70s, 80s. Master's Thesis (unpublished), Hakim Sabzevari University.
Evans, V. and Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (in Canada and USA), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Farrokhzad, F. (2004). A Collection of Poems. Tehran: Shadan Publications.
Ferdowsi, A. (2007). Shahnameh Corrected: Saeed Hamidian. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications.
Fiartz, K. (1390). Correcting the Torah Hypothesis: Working Between Metaphorical and Virtual Hierarchies. Translated by Leila Sadeghi, Tehran: Naqshe Jahan.
Ghahraman, M. (2007). Selected Poems of Saeb and other Famous Poets of Indian Style, 6th edition, Tehran: Samt Publications.
Kardust, N. (2018). Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Nozar Parang's Poems. Master's Thesis (unpublished), Islamic Azad University, Tehran Center Branch.
Kazemi Bazardehi, S. Z. (2017). Examining the Conceptual Metaphors of Grief in Saeb Tabrizi's Diwan Ghazliat Based on a Cognitive Perspective. Master's Thesis (unpublished), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Kazemi Bazardehi, Z. (2017). The Study of Conceptual Metaphors of "Sadness" in Saeb Tabrizi's Sonnets Based on a Cognitive View. MA's Thesis (Unpublished). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
Khalifehloo, S. F., and Mojahedi Rezaeian, S. (2022). The Study of the Representation of Conceptual Metaphors in “Siyavash” Story of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh: A Cognitive Approach. Literary Text Research, 26(92), 313-337. doi: 10.22054/ltr.2020.47252.2835
Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In A., Ortony.  (ed.), Metaphor and Thought. (2nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By.  Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Mansubi, A. (2010). Investigating Metaphor in the Language of Pain from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. Master's Thesis, Al-Zahra University.
Mirzaei, M. S. (2009). Excerpts of Poems, 3rd edition, Tehran: Andisheh Publications.
Molana, J. B. (2010). Generalities of Shams Tabrizi. Corrected: Badeel Zaman Forozanfar. Volume I, Tehran: Talaiye Publications.
Moosavi Sabet, F., khalili jahtigh, M., & Barani, M. (2020). A Cognitive Metaphor of “Love” in "Wish to Speak" by Mustafa Rahmandoust (Based on the theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson). Journal of Lyrical Literature Researches, 18(34), 203-226. doi: 10.22111/jllr.2020.5296
Nazari, F. (2011). A Collection of Poems, 3rd edition, Tehran: Surah Mehr Publishing House.
Poorrezaeyan, B., Hosseini-Kazerooni, S. A., Hamidi, J., & Deyreh, E. (2022). Personality Features of Saeb Tabrizi from the Point of View of Humanistic with regard to the Poet's Sonnets. Journal of Subcontinent Researches, 14(43), 71-88. doi: 10.22111/jsr.2021.27552.1860
Rakhshanizadeh, S. (2014). Examining Word Formation Processes in Saeb Tabrizi's Sonnets (Prime Diwan). Master's Thesis (unpublished), Birjand University.
Sadeghi Nejad, Z. (2019). Conceptual Metaphor in Divan Matar. Master's Thesis (unpublished). Kharazmi University.
Saeb Tabrizi, M. M. A. (1987). Poems of Saeb Tabrizi, Volume 1. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Safa, Z. (1987). History of Literature in Iran, Volume five, part one. Tehran: Ferdous Publications.
Safavi, K. (2000). An Introduction to Semantics. Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications.
Salamati, D. (2017). Study and Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in the Persian Lyric Poetry of Divan Shahriar. Master's Thesis (unpublished), Payam Noor University, Ahvaz Center.
Salamati, D. (2017). The Study and Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Persian Sonnets of Shahriar's Divan. Master's Thesis (Unpublished). Payamenoor University of Ahvaz.
Sedighi Pashaki, F. (1996). Examining the Types of Metaphors in Diwan Saeb Tabrizi. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Sepehri, S. (1995). Eight Books. Tehran: Tahori Publications.
Shafi'i Kadkani, M. R. (1996). Imaginary Images in Persian Poetry. Tehran: Agah Publications.
Shakeri, H., Oveisi Kahkha, A., & Ahangar, A. (2023). Analyzing the Conceptual Metaphors of Masnavi Manavi Based on Directional Metaphors. Research on Mystical Literature, 17(1), 45-68. doi: 10.22108/jpll.2023.136082.1740
Shamlou, A. (2003). Abraham in the Fire. Tehran: Negah Publications.
Tahmasabi, F. (2014). Examining Conceptual Metaphors of Death in Persian Language from a Cognitive Point of View. Master's Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Tavaloli, F. (1990). Return. Shiraz: Navid Publications.
Yavari, A. (2010). Analysis of Arba'a Elements in Saeb Tabrizi's Diwan Ghazliat. Master's Thesis (unpublished). Razi University.