بررسی و تحلیل تطبیقی پیرنگ در داستان سیاوش و رامایانا

The story of Sivash in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the story of Ramayana by Valmiki are both part of epic stories in verse, which have similarities from the point of view of mythological themes; However, no attention has been paid to researching their story elements ; Therefore, we have examined Plot two stories from the point of view of modern literary criticism, in order to find out how much they are consistent with the principles of modern story writing; Therefore, firstly, we made an introduction about the elements of fiction and plot, in a library style, and then we compared the elements of plot in two works, and after that we found that both works are part of plot based on story writing. modern have benefited; Of course, the Shahnameh has a more complex introduction, knotting and unraveling, and the sequence of events is more logical. Both stories have paid attention to the interpretation of dreams and prophecy; But this has led to a logical sequence of events and more tension in the Shahnameh; While, in Ramayana, this and also considering the omens of the events, caused it to be less strong than the Plot Sivash structure.

Introduction

Although some writers limit fiction to the field of prose fiction; but considering that fiction has a long history, as long as the history of human life and in fact, its age reaches back to the origins of literature and is related to early humans and before the invention of writing and writing, (Forster, 1980: 46) in addition to prose works, it also includes poetic works; therefore, in this study, narrative poetic systems such as Shahnameh and Ramayana are considered as fictional works, in order to conclude to what extent such works are compatible with modern fiction; because understanding their fictional elements as the oldest surviving fictional works helps to understand the process of formation and evolution of modern fiction and to the progress of fiction. Therefore, the prominent epic works of the two peoples of Iran and India, who lived in the same land in ancient times and undoubtedly had countless similarities, are a suitable option.
Considering that “recognizing the elements of the story and recognizing their appropriate and purposeful application in stories is of particular importance in fiction literature; because it is the correct application of the elements of the story that separates an average writer from a creative writer during the process of transferring the plot to the story.” (Mestour, 1379: 29) The more capable, tasteful, and precise the writer uses them, the higher the quality of his work will be.
The best way to recognize texts that are based on a story is to analyze their story elements. Plot, which is one of the most important elements of a story that is very involved in the course of events of the story and overshadows other story elements, is of particular importance in this regard; therefore, the plot element was considered for examination and research. In this study, the plots of these two stories were examined and compared to answer the following questions:
1- Is their plot based on the structure of modern storytelling?
2- What are the similarities between their plot structures?
3- What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of them in using plot components?
 

Research Methodology

This research was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical method and by utilizing the library method and collecting evidence from the works in question; first, the plot components of each work were examined separately, and then an overview of the plot structure of each was presented, and finally, by matching and comparing their plot structures, the desired result was achieved.
 

Discussion

Similarities and differences in the plots of the two stories: Both works have a closed plot and the fate of the characters is determined at the end of the story. The plot principles, in accordance with literary criticism, can be seen in the plots of both works; but the plot structure, story logic, and cause-and-effect relationships of events are more in the Shahnameh than in the Ramayana.
Fatalism and prophecy: What has caused the weakness of the plot from the perspective of modern storytelling in these two works is fatalism. Of course, the Ramayana has paid more attention to fate than the Shahnameh, and Ferdowsi was able to coordinate the effect of fate with the story logic. Fatalism makes the events predictable for the audience and reduces the tension of the story. In the Ramayana, the events of the story are stated with fate before they happen; but in the Shahnameh, sometimes with prophecy, the end of the story is generally stated, and the events of the story are not stated with fate.
Bad and good omens: Attention to omens and its effect on the story action is more prominent in the Ramayana. Before the action of the story, it is predicted by the omen of events; but this is rarely seen in Siavash's story.
Dream: "Many of the main events of the epic are depicted in the dreams of the heroes before they happen." (Sarami, 2009: 554) In the process of Siavash's story, dream is also very important and has affected its plot; for example, Afrasiab dreams that he is cut in half by the son of Kavus; then, he is afraid and makes peace with Siavash and this dream has affected the process of plotting the story and is part of the logical course of the story; therefore, not only does the interpretation of dreams not reduce the tension of the story, but it is also achieved with the help of cause and effect relationships of events. In the Ramayana, Sita's guardian dreams that a monkey came and burned the city of Lanka, and the same thing happens. This dream, which is interpreted later, is neither part of the logical course of events nor does it contribute to the story's further development; it only weakens the story's tension and plot.
 

Conclusion

The introduction in both stories has taken place with the necessary tension. In the story of Siavash, the story begins with the discovery of a beautiful woman in the forest and Kikavus' love for her and the birth of Siavash from her. In the story of Ramayana, the story begins with a description of Ravana's tyranny and then, like in the story of Siavash, enters the main story with the birth of Ram. In the continuation of the plot of Siavash's story, Ferdowsi establishes the cause-and-effect relationships of subsequent events by presenting logical events (such as Kikavus sending Siavash as a child to be educated by Rostam) and thus helps to strengthen the plot of the story. While in the story of Ramayana, after the introduction, by presenting Sita's love for Ram, he creates tension in the course of the story's plot and increases this tension by presenting the ceremony of choosing a wife for Sita by holding a competition among the suitors; But it failed to develop and expand it as it should have, and it destroys the audience's sense of expectation at the very beginning and before it turns into horror. In the course of the plot of both works, we witness the interpretation of dreams and prophecies. The dreams mentioned in Siavash's story not only did not weaken the plot, but were either part of the cause-and-effect sequence of events or helped increase the sense of suspense; but the interpretation of dreams in the story of Ramayana is not only not part of the logical course of the story, but also reduced the tension of the story. In general, although in both works, as the climax approaches, the sense of suspense and tension of the story and conflicts gradually increases, and then it turns into a crisis, and finally, after reaching the climax, the unraveling occurs; but in the story of Ramayana, these tensions and the sense of suspense and crises are presented much less than in Siavash's story.
Therefore, these two works in a way represent the evolution of story writing; because both of them originate from the same foundation and story; but in the Ramayana, because it was written before the story of Siavash in the Shahnameh, the plot is close to primitive storytelling, and the fatalism, prophecy, omen, and the initial atmosphere of the story have weakened the plot and reduced the tension and sense of suspense of the story; however, while Ferdowsi has recounted destinies through fatalism and prophecy, he has paid attention to the logical sequence of the story plot by observing the cause and effect relationships of events, and has made the story more acceptable and more exciting for the audience, and its plot is more in line with modern storytelling and works better in storytelling than Valmiki, and this is evidence that these works have laid the foundations of modern storytelling.
 

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