مقایسۀ ساختارِ مرزبان‌نامه و کلیله‌ودمنه (با تکیه بر نمودِ اندیشة هند و ایرانِ باستان)

Abstract
     Same as Kelileh & Demneh, Marzban Nameh has also been created including anecdotes, allegories and philosophic myths which have been said with the language of humans, animals and birds. These factors beside the composition method of the book have led authors to treat it as a mere imitation of Kelileh & Demneh and take its importance in the composition method and art of its author. But, when we compare the intellectual foundation and atmosphere of Marzbannameh and Kelileh & Demneh, we find that as a result of their dominant viewpoint, they have egregious difference in their intellectual foundation. In the present study, using the analytical-comparative method and by looking at the intellectual substructure of these books, we have shown that Marzban Nameh, unlike Kelileh & Demneh, has an optimistic dominant viewpoint; in a way that most of its stories have good ending. The findings of the study show that the intellectual substructure of Marzban Nameh is based on Mazdyasna philosophy –victory of goodness against badness- and the Iranian worldview, and according to this, Marzban Nameh is not a mere imitation of Kelileh & Demneh; but, it is a deliberate and purposeful composition.
 
 
Introduction
     Story-telling and narration are of distinguished literary styles among Iranian and the Indians that beside their amusement aspect, they have had a great role in educational and tutoring fields. On top of these allegorical anecdotes with a comprehensive framework, is Kelileh & Demneh. Iranian poets, imitating Kelileh & Demneh, created a complex of stories with a special moral framework, called Marzbannameh. This is one of the most valuable artworks of the Persian literature that has been written by Espahbad Marzban-ebn- e Rostam-ebn- e Sharvin in Tabarestani language in the fourth century (A.H), and Saad al-din Varavini translated it to technical Farsi Dari in the first half of the seventh century (between years 617-622). (see: Safa, 1990, vol. 2: 1005-1008; Bahar, 1994, vol. 3: 14-20; Williams, Marzban-nama).
     Most of the Iranian poetry systems after Islam and prose books as Marzbannameh are connected to the anecdotes and myths of before Islam and people believe that Marzbannameh has roots in the culture and literature of pre-Islamic era (Moein, 1946: 6-7; Ripeca, 2003: 336-337 and Rezaei, 2011).
 
Problem statement
     This research is investigating the answer to the question: Are the contents and deep structure of Marzbannameh the same as Kelileh & Demneh as in its allegorical, fictive structure and narration of some stories? Or only their surface structure is similar?
 
Research history
     Few researches have investigated the fundamental and mental issues of the work. Mohammad Moein is one of the pioneers in Youshat Fariyan and Marzbannameh book (Moein, 1946). Also, Sirus Shamisa in his article “Marzbannameh and Khatereh-ye shekast-e Divan” (Shamisa, 1982), concludes that the chapters “Div-e Gavpay and Danaye Dini” are symbols of battle between the Aryans and the natives of Gilan. Other researches include “Marzbannameh Yadegari Az Iran-e Ahd-e Sasani” (2009) by Mahdi Rezaei which declare the history of the work in the pre-Islamic era.
 
Necessity and importance of the research
     Importance of the present study is showing that Marzbannameh is not a mere imitation of Kelileh & Demneh; but their mental structure is totally different and Marzbannameh has been created according to the ancient Iranian thought and a special moral system.
 
Discussion
     With a brief look to Marzbannameh, we discover that although the patterns of the work are loaned from Kelileh & Demneh, but the main thought and viewpoint of them are totally different; an optimistic viewpoint that results in a good ending for more than eighty percents of the stories. This is according to that optimistic viewpoint which the stories directly taken from Kelileh & Demneh or stories indirectly affected by Kelileh & Demneh have good endings or their ending in Marzbannameh has been changed to good ending.
     For example, the story “the farmer with wolf and snake” is in concordance with the story “the man who scaped from the furious camel” in Kelileh & Demneh:
 
     “a man suddenly saw a wolf; he rapidly climbed a tree. On the branch of the tree was a sleeping snake. He thought by himself that if I shout, the snake would get up and kill me, and if I go down I cannot fight with the wolf. He relied on God and kept patient. Suddenly a farmer arrived from the field. The wolf escaped and the man got down the tree; he prayed to God and continued his way” (Marzban-ebn- e Rostam, 1985: 233-234).
 
“the man who escaped from the furious camel” from Kelileh & Demneh:
     “A man escaped from a furious camel and went into a well. He took two branches on top a stood on a place. When he looked more precisely, he found that his feet are on the heads of four snakes and at the bottom of the well a big dragon was waiting for him. On top, some black and white mice were chewing the branches. While he was thinking a way to survive, he saw a honey beehive. He started to eat honey and forgot to find a way to survive. Finally the mice chewed the branches and he fell down into the mouth of the dragon” (Monshi, 1967: 57-58).
 
     The core idea of the story “farmer with wolf and snake” is also taken its roots from the mentioned story of Kelileh & Demneh. Both are symbolically narrating the world and life and human facing them. In both of them, a person has got a problem and relied on something, but in his safe place also got a new problem. The difference between the stories is their ending: the story in Kelileh & Demneh has bad ending (the man is neglectful and falls into the dragon’s mouth), but in Marzbannameh the man survives by relying on God and being patient.
     plot and pattern of Marzbannameh is like Kelileh & Demneh; but its deep structure is different; since Kelileh & Demneh is an Indian book and its stories are according to the Indian’s culture and worldview. But Marzbannameh has been created based on the culture and thoughts of the ancient Iran. The winning of goodness and giving the right to the deserved one in the deep structure of Marzbannameh takes its roots from the thought of Mazdisna which is the basis of the Iranian worldview in the Sassanid era.
 
Result

It is true that marzbannameh is created according to Kelileh & Demneh from the aspects of structure and formation and its content, like Kelileh & Demneh, is about moral and educational issues and a tool for inspiration of socio-political concepts; but taking into account the mental and fundamental structures of the two books, Marzbannameh is not a simple and mere imitation of Kelileh & Demneh.
Totally, the author of Marzbannameh has taken some steps from Kelileh & Demneh in its formation and literary style; but not in contents.
The viewpoint of the two books is completely different; because Marzbannameh is according to the Iranian worldview and thoughts of Iranians; but the mental source of Kelileh & Demneh is the culture and worldview of Indians.

 
 
 
 
 
 
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